Racism Variation and Race

High levels of solar radiation is one of many ways that can negatively impact humans as well as influence environmental stress. This includes sunburns, skin cancer, etc. Radiation can interrupt the process of radiation because with sunburn, tissue is broken down and damaged. This can happen with the absence of sunscreen due to radiation on skin contact. Although specific UV rays are healthy for the human body, too much is not. This 

A sunburn is an example of an adaptation in which humans have created a short term solution for. Although this is a temporary example, the skin is known to swell as well as turn a reddish color in which thickens the top layer of tissue resulting in scarring or peeling of the skin. A differentiation of the pigmentation in the skin color is an adaptation of facultative stress. The melanin in the skin cells become damaged from the heat let off of the UV rays and begin to create something referred to as “sunspots.” This pigmentation can include darker and/or lighter patches of the sin. Developmental stress depends on one's phenotype, being their skin color. While one with a lighter skin color burns easier than a darker skin color, that is due to the amount of melanin. Someone with a darker skin color contains more melanin than those with lighter skin colors. People often tan to influence a darker tone in their skin. This could also be imitated through a spray tan in which refers to cultural stress. 

Benefits of studying human variation is gaining knowledge of how human traits are distinct from others. This assists the theory of how the human ancestors may have potentially looked. By studying the effects of radiation for example, scientists are able to conclude a potential way of preventing skin disease and skin cancer due to high solar radiation. 

Although race appears to be a distinctive matter between skin colors, it is simply just a matter of the amount of melanin a person has, cause a higher or lower amount of pigmentation. This is dependant on solar radiation and how is may slightly change one's sin color more effectively than others. With the scientific research of melanin and pigmentation in different bodies causing one human to look slightly different than another, it does not categorize people; instead it provide scientific facts. 

The ability of humans to communicate with one another through the use of language is one of the most beneficial abilities. Both my partner and I had high expectations to communicate without using language, however we both agreed it was hard prior to the experiment. Being that I was not allowed to speak, I used expressions and body movements in order to get my point across. The hardest challenge about the first phase was finding the correct expression and/ or body language to correctly get my message across. With the absence of my language ability, it was hard to communicate. I am so reliable on language to communicate that It took some time to adjust to the fact that I was not using language, and figure out an alternative way to communicate. After using physical representations to get my message across, I began to realize that my partner also began to using physical body movements to figure out what I was portraying. 

Regarding both parts one and two, I felt that my partner had a majority of control. Given that I was not able to use sound in the first part and my partner was, I was not in control of telling my partner what I was trying to say. I felt very out of control because I was not able to tell my partner what I would if I was able to speak; therefore it was hard to find the right body movements, expressions, and gestures to communicate with my partner. In the second part of the experiential assignment, I felt I had more control than in part one, however I was not able to use expressions, or tones in my voice in order to express my opinion of the topic. I still felt pressured to not use these aspects in language to communicate. This gave me less power in this experiment, but still more than the prior experiment.  

If my partner and I represent two different cultures and spoke different languages, it would be harder to communicate given that we would not understand each other. When speaking the same language, the people in that population that are able to speak this language has an advantage to understand everything that one another is saying to each other. It would be harder to understand the concept of what this person is trying to say. I would also take longer to communicate with one another. In our community today, there are deaf people in which cannot communicate regularly with others who are not deaf. Although the deaf community has their own language, they are still excluded from many other non-deaf people today. I continuously see people trying to avoid deaf people and ignoring them in public places. 

In the second part of the assignment, both my partner and I were able to speak; however, I was not able to use expressions or different ones in my voice. This was difficult because I was not able to express my opinion with my words. 

This experiments emphasizes the benefit of language and ability to speak, hear, use physical movement, and expression to communicate. When speaking with expression and tone we are able to put meaning behind our words as well as making the words we speak have smaller and greater meaning. Body language also helps to interpret things; for example, how much these words mean to them. 

The adaptive benefit to possessing the ability to read body language is that we are able to read others body language as well as interpret the meaning behind their language. We place meaning to words by adding body language, tone, expressions, etc. The blind community does not have the ability to view body language. People are quick to judge the blind community when seeing and, or taking to these people. 

This experiment has made the benefit of language very clear. The language that is spoken and unspoken are both very important. I personally think that language is the most important aspects in life. 

In the year of 1912, Charles Darwin claimed to find the missing link between an ape and a man; in which is a part of a human skull in Pleistocene gravel beds. Darwin then wrote about his finding to Arthur Smith Woodward, the keeper of Geology at the Natural History Museum at that time. After Darwin presented his finding to Smith, they began to work together in order to find more discoveries. In their findings, they found a jawbone, teeth and more skull particles which they believed came from the same man. Smith then did more research and experiments within the particles they found and eventually reconstructed the skull. Research shows that this skull is an ancestor of a human living 500,000 years ago. However once new technology was invented, more research was performed by Dr. Joseph Weiner as well as Wilfrid Le Gros Clark working with Dr. Kenneth Oakley in order to determine the age of these remains; these results consisted of the remains only being 50,000 years old. This means that this man was not the missing link between humans and apes. Their results consisted of the jaw and skull fragments coming from different species being a human and an ape. They then looked at these remains under a microscope only to find scratches showing the teeth being filed down to resemble human teeth. In conclusion, the Piltdown Hoax was a well thought out fraud. Although the Piltdown Hoax was fake, the finding of these remains opened up a new potential way of finding evidence leading to the missing link. This also introduced new technology as well as the accuracy to the scientists at which sophisticatedly staged these fragments.

Some faults that came into play in the process of attempting to find the missing link in the Piltdown Hoax. The motive of being the scientist to find this missing piece was in play. Within finding these fragments, Darwin and Smith most likely knew that these remains were not the missing link. All humans make mistakes and in this case, it is likely that these scientists wanted the fame and prestige from finding these potentially significant fragments.

Scientists were not able to test the fluorine content of the Piltdown fragments until 1949. They then discovered the correct age of these remains of 50,000 years. Through this analysis, scientists are able to test bones. Within fluorine testing, bones are to wait in underground water of the earth which contains fluorine. The bones then absorb florine from the water. From this process, scientists are then able to define the fluorine which defines the age of these remains. This is how the age of the Piltdown Hoax fragments were determined. This is a positive factor because although the first fraud accusation about the Piltdown Hoax was incorrect, it lead to the discovery of the true accusation about these fragments; and in this discovery the process of Fluorine Analysis was discovered as well.

Removing the "human" factor in science research to avoid errors is possible; although I do not believe Charles Darwin committed an error. While he was in the wrong to make false accusations about his discovery in which led to a large affect in the science community, this was all for his personal benefit. Darwins decision was completely intentional. However, when referring to legitimate human errors, removing the human aspect of research could lead to better results. New technological devices have been created to eliminate these errors made by humans, and I do agree with a majority of these technical devices. On the other hand, human errors has encouraged many new discoveries in these science research community. There are some things technology is unable to do. Therefore, completely removing the human factor of scientific research, I believe, would cause a decrease in the finding of new information, especially in archaeological findings.

By reading about the process of Darwins intentions and the fraud imposed in his findings, it is a reminder to not trust everything that someone says with out checking the evidence. With a lack of verification, many people are able to get away with these kinds of proposal in order to benefit themselves, evolving around their hope for prestige. By verifying accusations, these kinds of situations could be prevented. therefore, I have learned to double check work and question others accusations in order to find the true answer.

1.)
a: An example of two homologous traits consist of cats having tails bones as well as chickens having tail bones. Although they both have tail bones, the physical appearance is very distinct. While the cats tailbone is long and extends into a long tail, the chickens tail bone is cut off and does not extend.

b:A cat uses their tail to balance in order to walk on tight spaces; while chickens use their tails as a physical perception. Their tails are used to show off and dance to attract mates.


c: Mammals are generally the main ancestors of the tail bone. This is including bats and whales

2.)
a: An example of a two species with analogous traits would be plants and their ability to store energy. For example the, sweet potatoes and regular potatoes.

b:Both sweet potatoes and regular potatoes store energy in the for of starch. Although they store energy in the same way they are completely different plants. They have distinct roots as well as stems.
c: The trifida is the most common ancestor. This is a giant rageweed in which is also in the sunflower family and the plant family. This plant way be known as a ragweed, giant ragweed, blood ragweed, etc. These traits are analogous because these two species produce starch and store it as energy in the same way. Homologous traits are the same physical traits but are used different way. 

1. I would argue that Jean-Baptiste Lamarck influence Charels Darwin them most. Scientist Jean-Lamarck was one of the first scientists to state the fact that species change over time, or evolution. Although, Jean-Lamarck did introduce this concept, he was wrong to think that developed traits cannot be passed on to an offspring. While Jean-Lamark influence Darwin to study evolution, Darwin was unaware that traits were passed on, causing conflict in his research. 
2. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, being the first to create the concept of evolution, believed that change was due to inheritance, use, and disuse (meaning the traits in which was used or not used in that specific species). The thought of use and disuse influenced the scientific community and was carried out through the study of evolution. This information is found at:

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Evolutionary_Biology/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck 

3. The bullet point that refers most to Jean-Baptiste Lamarck is “In order for traits to evolve and change, they MUST be heritable.” Considering that Jean-Lamark is the individual who created to concept of use and disuse, it was discovered over time that these genetics were passed off to offspring. As research became more specific, it was more importantly discovered that these traits must be heritable in order for it to be passed on. In other words, the trait must be consistent from one generation to another. 
4. Considering that all of these individuals had a large impact in scientific research at the same time, or before Darwin’s research, Darwin would not have discovered his theory of natural selection at the time that he did. Without knowing all of the variables these individuals provided, it would be doubted that Darwin could have developed his theory on his own. 
5. Darwin was hesitant on publishing his theory for about 20 years because he was afraid of the possibility of his theory being provoked as a myth. At that time, the church authorities were against scientific beliefs.